In 1931, Australian explorer Sir George Hubert Wilkins and a volunteer crew of submariners and scientists set out in a decommissioned U.S. Navy submarine to sail under water from Spitsbergen to the Bering Straits by way of the North Pole. Using a modified O-class submarine leased from the United States Navy, the goals of this expedition were two-fold: to conduct scientific experiments and observations while moored to ice floes and while under weigh; and to successfully navigate to the North Pole while submerged beneath the ice floes.\n\nExpedition Site\n